Previous studies have demonstrated the responses of CDPKs to multiple stress stimuli. ĬDPKs are abundantly present in several plant species 28, 17, 31, and 25 CDPK genes are present in barley, grapevine, pepper, and maize, respectively. The Ser/Thr kinase domain that binds to ATP is involved in autophosphorylation the autoinhibitory domain is speculated to be a part of the CaM-like domain and a CaM-like regulatory domain with from one to four EF-hands has been implicated in Ca 2+ binding. CDPKs contain four important conserved domains including the N-terminal variable domain that contains palmitoylation or myristoylation sites and allows the CDPK to locate correctly. Previous studies have demonstrated that CDPKs are absent in humans, fungi, and insects but are widely found in plants. CDPKs have been widely studied because they can directly bind Ca 2+ in a CaM-independent manner. These molecules initiate multiple reactions in response to diverse stimuli in plants. Three types of Ca 2+-binding proteins, namely calmodulins (CaMs), calmodulin-like proteins, and calcineurin B-like proteins, or Ca 2+ sensors encoding calcium-dependent protein kinases ( CDPKs) detect changes in cellular Ca 2+ concentrations. For example, signal transduction pathways targeting enzymes can affect cell metabolism, whereas those targeting cytoskeletal proteins affect cell morphology and movement. Signal transduction pathways mediated by Ca 2+ are known to target different proteins functioning in various biological processes. As one of the most widely studied second messengers, calcium ions (Ca 2+) play an indispensable role in signaling pathways. officinale.īecause plants are immobile, they have evolved several mechanisms and signaling networks to recognize and resist various stresses, such as drought, salinity, and pathogen attack. We believe these results can provide a foundation for the functional divergence of homologous genes in D. Our data showed that CDPK9-2 and CDPK20-4 interacted with Rboh D and Rboh H, respectively, and were implicated in the generation of H 2O 2 and regulation of the stomatal aperture in response to salicylic acid/jasmonic acid treatment. In addition, the rapid accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2) and stomatal closure was observed in response to salicylic acid (SA)/jasmonic acid (JA) stress. The gene expression patterns following hormone treatments and yeast two-hybrid of homologous CDPK gene pairs with Rbohs showed differences, indicating functional divergence between homologous genes. ![]() The phylogenetic analysis revealed that these genes formed four groups, with similar structures in the same group. Here, we identified 24 genes encoding CDPKs in Dendrobium officinale using genome-wide analysis. Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are crucial calcium ions (Ca 2+) sensors in plants with important roles in signal transduction, plant growth, development, and stress responses.
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